In gynaecological diseases, patient-derived organoids (PDOs), derived from both malignant conditions and benign disorders may provide preclinical evidence to inform clinical trials for precision medicine. Diseases such as endometriosis require improved therapeutic strategies, as conventional treatments are ineffective for many patients.
In this study, Surgical specimens were collected and cryopreserved prior to organoid establishment. Tissues were mechanically and enzymatically dissociated, embedded in an extracellular matrix, and cultured in defined media to generate three-dimensional organoids. Organoids were expanded through serial passaging or cryopreserved for later studies. Model fidelity was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and genetic profiling before downstream applications.
Optimal culture conditions and organoid morphology varied across disease types and subtypes. Established organoids faithfully recapitulated the histopathological and genetic characteristics of the original tissues and could be expanded for more than 10 passages, although morphological changes were observed at later passages. PDOs provide a robust platform for translational research, including drug discovery and drug repurposing. Integrating biomarker assessment with comprehensive genomic profiling may further improve patient stratification. For benign diseases such as endometriosis, incorporating functional endpoints—including angiogenesis, fibrosis, and neuroimmune interactions—may provide more clinically relevant measures of therapeutic efficacy than growth inhibition alone.
PDOs are a versatile translational platform that enables disease modelling and therapeutic evaluation across gynaecological diseases. Refining these models with disease-relevant functional assays has the potential to accelerate the development of precision therapies, particularly for complex benign disorders such as endometriosis.